Race, Discrimination, and Diversity
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Decision declaring state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional.
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US Courts offers a history of related US Supreme Court
cases that lead the way to Brown v. Education
cases that lead the way to Brown v. Education
Gratz v. Bollinger (2003)
Decision regarding the University of Michigan undergraduate affirmative action admissions policy, determining the University's point system's was unconstitutional.
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Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)
Ruling that the University of Michigan Law School admissions program, giving special consideration for being a certain racial minority, did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment.
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NYT Transcripts of arguments in case
Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000)
Decision that a private organization is allowed, under certain criteria, to exclude a person from membership through their First Amendment right to freedom of association in spite of state antidiscrimination laws.
Ricci v. DeStefano (2009)
Addressed when an employer may take a race–based action in order to correct a potentially discriminatory employment practice.
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Forbes article offering summary and perspective to this case
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United States v. Windsor (2013)
Ruling that section three of the "Defense of Marriage Act" (DOMA) is unconstitutional and that the federal government cannot discriminate against married lesbian and gay couples for the purposes of determining federal benefits and protections.